Pre-GED

Structural Relationships: Identify cause-and-effect, compare-and-contrast, chronological, problem-and-solution, and parallel relationships.

Vocabulary: Know how to find context clues and know the difference between connotation and denotation; identify synonyms and antonyms for words.

Figurative Language: Understand simile, metaphor, and personification.

Author’s Views: Identify an author’s tone, point of view, and purpose.

Rhetorical Techniques: Know the ways in which writers use language to convey meaning through analogy, enumeration, juxtaposition, parallelism, qualifying statement, and repetition.

Evidence: Identify supporting evidence (facts, statistics, expert opinions, and anecdotes) and evaluate evidence for relevancy, reliability, reasonableness, and sufficiency.

Opinion and Bias: Know the difference between fact and opinion, and identify bias.

Subject–Verb Agreement: Know how to construct sentences in which the subject and verb agree; know how to fix a sentence in which the subject and verb do not agree.

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DNA: Know the structure of DNA and its function.

11 Body Systems: Know the functions and major organs of the 11 body systems (cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, endocrine, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, skeletal, and urinary). Know how these systems interact.

Cell Division: Understand the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Photosynthesis: Understand the process of photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration: Understand the processes of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.

Ecosystem Disruptions: Understand carrying capacity and the events that can disrupt an ecosystem.

Feeding Levels: Know the four feeding levels (producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and decomposer) and the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Energy Flow: Understand how several energy flow models work (food chain, food web, and ecological pyramid).

Water Cycle: Understand the phases of the water cycle.

Carbon and Oxygen Cycles: Understand the phases of the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle.

Nitrogen Cycle: Understand the phases of the nitrogen cycle.

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Place Value and Rounding: Know how to identify digits by place value and round values to a place value.

Number Line and Negatives: Know how to read a number line and understand negative numbers.

Order of Operations: Follow the order of operations (PEMDAS) when doing calculations.

Factors and Multiples: Find all the factors of a number, the prime factors of a number, and multiples of a number.

Roots and Exponents: Perform operations with exponents, including negative exponents. Know the value of basic square roots and cube roots. Simplify roots.

Fractions: Perform operations with fractions, change between improper and mixed fractions, and convert fractions to decimals and percents.

Decimals: Perform operations with decimals and convert decimals to fractions and percents.

Ratios and Proportions: Understand how ratios and proportions work; do word problems involving ratios and proportions; recognize equivalent ratios; reduce ratios; find the missing value in a proportion.

Rates: Understand how rates work; do word problems involving rates; recognize equivalent rates; reduce rates.

Percent: Convert percents to decimals and fractions. Solve problems involving percent, including calculating interest.

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Influences on American Government: Be familiar with the ways the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights influenced the formation of American government.

Independence: Understand the basic outline of the Articles of Confederation and the Declaration of Independence.

Creation of the US Constitution: Know the six basic principles that underlie the Constitution and understand the compromises that were made in writing the Constitution.

Articles of the US Constitution: Know the basic ideas set forth in each of the seven Articles.

Bill of Rights: Understand the reasons for the Bill of Rights and its contents.

Later Amendments: Know the basic topic of each subsequent Amendment to the Constitution; understand the process of amending the Constitution.

Branches of Government: Understand the functions of each of the three branches of the US government and how the system of checks and balances works.

Elections: Know the steps in the presidential election process and how elections are decided.

Macroeconomics: Understand fiscal and monetary policies and the basics of international trade; define GDP, tariff, inflation, deflation, and unemployment.

Microeconomics: Understand the law of supply and demand, banking, and credit.

Maps: Be familiar with several different types of maps, such as topographical maps, climate maps, political maps, etc.; understand how to read maps, legends, and keys.

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